Ruh Zakat
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Salah satu kewajiban yang mesti ditunaikan kaum Muslim selama Ramadan adalah mengeluarkan zakat fitrah. Waktu penunaiannya bisa dilakukan pada awal puasa sampai menjelang shalat Idul Fitri. Zakat fitrah merupakan bagian penting dari upaya untuk mencapai kemenangan, yakni kembali kepada keadaan yang suci (fithrah). Zakat sendiri mengandung makna kesucian atau kebersihan.
Memberikan zakat kepada mereka yang berhak (mustahiq) merupakan refleksi dari rasa syukur karena Tuhan telah memberikan berbagai kemurahan kepada hamba-hamba-Nya. Ia juga merefleksikan sebuah kesadaran, bahwa apa yang dimiliki hakikatnya merupakan pemberian Allah. Namun demikian, harta yang dikeluarkan itu bukan merupakan persembahan untuk Tuhan, melainkan untuk dinikmati kerabat dekat, anggota masyarakat lainnya, atau bagi kepentingan peningkatan kesejahteraan umum. Buah dari kebajikan itu akan dikembalikan lagi oleh Tuhan kepada manusia. Begitu seterusnya. Dengan demikian, zakat (juga infak dan sedekah) bisa dipandang sebagai cara sang Khalik untuk membangkitkan kedermawanan dan kebajikan pada makhluk-Nya. Selain simbol kedermawanan, atau kesalehan individual, zakat juga melambangkan akan betapa pentingnya membangun solidaritas dan menegakkan keadilan sosial.
Massifnya gerakan zakat infak dan sedekah belakangan ini, selain menandakan betapa banyak orang yang menemukan kebahagiaan melalui ibadah, tetapi juga mengindikasikan kesalehan sosial kaum Muslim. Tetapi, agaknya ibadah yang berdimensi sosial itu cenderung dihayati dan dilaksanakan sebagai ritus, lebih berorientasi kepada tazkiyah an-nafs, penyucian diri. Ruh zakat, yang sejatinya merupakan sarana pendidikan dari Tuhan kepada manusia untuk membangun solidaritas dan menegakkan keadilan sosial, hanya sekadar mengekspresikan kesalehan individual dalam bentuk karitas. Mengapa ibadah sosial itu tidak bertransformasi menjadi akhlak sosial?
Syahdan, salah satu penyebab macetnya transformasi itu terkait dengan faktor budaya. Yakni budaya yang bersandar pada nilai-nilai materialisme, egoisme dan persaingan, yang menguasai hajat hidup kita sekarang. Arief Budiman pernah menyebutnya sebagai budaya MEP (materialisme, egoisme, dan persaingan). Kekayaan, misalnya, dianggap sebagai ukuran martabat. Orang selalu mempersoalkan what do you have, bukan what are you. Anda bisa seorang yang jujur, yang pandai, tapi orang selalu mengatakan: ya, tapi kok miskin? Tak berarti kejujuran tidak penting. Tapi kaya sekaligus jujur lebih baik. Kalau jujur tapi miskin, sepertinya percuma. Nilai kedua, egoisme, mengedepankan diri sendiri sebagai yang paling utama. Solidaritas tentu boleh, tapi saya yang lebih dulu.
Adapun yang ketiga mengutamakan prinsip “ yang kuat yang menang”, jika perlu dengan memperlemah orang lain. Kita selalu ingin meningkatkan daya saing, tapi hanya supaya bertambah kaya. Bersaing dalam kejujuran dianggap tidak berguna lantaran hanya sedikit menambah profit. Persaingan bukan hal buruk, tentu. Ungkapan Alquran yang populer: fastabiqul khairat, bersaingalah dalam hal-hal baik. Lagi pula, tanpa kompetisi, mana mungkin hidup kita bergairah? Hanya, seperti diingatkan Arief Budiman, kalau persaingan itu berkombinasi materialisme dan egoisme, ia bisa menjadi sangat destruktif: menciptakan masyarakat berkelas dan menindas.
Berbagai khutbah, penataran, pidato-pidato, untuk menangkal segi-segi negatif budaya MEP masih berlangsung. Hasilnya seakan muspra, kalau bukan malah menciptakan hipokrisi. Sebab hanya dalam pelbagai seremoni itulah nilai-nilai nonmaterial seperti pengorbanan pribadi, solidaritas sosial dan keadilan muncul. Bukan di lapangan. Juga revolusi mental itu, agaknya.
Aspek-aspek runyam dari budaya MEP, memang tidak bisa dikikis habis, tapi bisa dikurangi melalui proses demokratisasi, yang sayangnya sampai sekarang baru sampai tahap prosedur pemilihan umum, dan penegakan hukum. Bahkan, Abdurrahman Wahid pernah mengusulkan agar “pemelukan” ide-ide seperti hak asasi, keadilan, demokrasi, dimasukkan ke dalam faktor keberagamaan. Dengan begitu, meningkatnya gairah keberagamaan, seperti massifnya gerakan zakat, sedekah dan infak, akan diikuti oleh tegaknya akhlak sosial. Wallahu a’lam.
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